Experiment #1 Problem Statement: Which contaniment, muriatic acid, bleach or vinegar, affect the rusting of pennies? Hypothesis: If I use 10mL of muriatic acid, 10mL bleach and 10mL of vinegar then the penny with 10mL of muriatic acid will rust more. Independent Variable: Type of contaniment Dependent Variable: How much it rusts Controlled Variables:
Amount of contaniment
Type of metal (must stay cooper)
Position (if one is inside and the other outside results may vary due to oxygen)
Number of pennies
Equal amount of time in contaniment
Conclusion: My hypothesis was not confirmed. The pennies with bleach rusted more. The pennies with muriatic acid rusted the least. Experiment #2 Problem Statement: Does the amount of acid affect the rusting of a penny? Hypothesis: If I use 5mL, 10mL and 15mL of vinegar then the penny with 15mL of vinegar will rust more. Independent Variable: Amount of vinegar Dependent Variable: How much it rusts
Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct. My Report: Oxidation
What is oxidation? Oxidation is the lack of neutrons. It happens when oxygen particles interact with metal or living tissues. Rust does not occur on all substance. On copper, for example, a green coating called copper oxide appears. Even though the metal looks different the strength does not weaken.
When the oxidation involves oxygen, the amount of oxygen is also important. The process does depend on the amount of oxygen in the air around the metal. The process also includes the condition of the metal. Another factor is the type of metal. These factors are important to the rate of oxidation.
A common question is why fruits and vegetables arrive in a good condition at the store. This is because the skin of the fruit usually has a barrier that protects against oxidation. After a while this barrier, however, breaks and air and oxygen makes contact with the cells. The molecules start burning the fruit. This makes brownish spots or blemishes. These blemishes are a form of rust on living tissues.
Oxidation is problem for many car owners whose cars do not have a finished wax on the paint. The out layer of the car is exposed to air constantly and starts to rust or peel. The paint starts to become duller and duller. For situations like this car dealers recommend at least one layer of wax on the finished paint.
Oxidation by oxygen can be avoided with protective layer on the object. For cars wax can be a solution. On exposed fruit, a spray of anti-oxidant like lemon juice is a good idea. Oxidation that can be destructive cannot occur if the object cannot be penetrated. There are different acids that destroy metal like the acid in batteries or in Coke Cola. Muriatic acid also destroys metals.
Stainless steel is used for many things these days because it does not rust. The steel has another thin layer of metal that does not contain free radicals so the oxygen cannot rust affect it. Regular steel is painted for protection but the oxygen can break through the barrier and form rust.
Platinum is a type of metal that rusts. Even though it does not rust as fast as gold over time it rusts. Real platinum will take while to see results because like the thin layer of stainless steel it has few free radicals. When you see platinum rust quickly then it is not real platinum but fake ordinary metal painted to look like the real thing.
pH levels in chemicals, oxygen and water affect the process of rusting. Rust stops parts, like on your bike, from working smoothly and easy. When iron rust is formed it gives off heat.
Rain may always look the same but some rain is more acid and has a higher or lower pH level than others. This is why you are told to bring your bike out of the rain. To prevent rust and hard to work pieces. Normal rain water has an average pH level of 5.6. Acid rain may have a pH level of an average of 5.0 or lower.
What is pH? pH is the measure of acid in a substance. On the pH scale below 7 is said to be acid and over 7 is neutral or basic.
This graph shows different pH levels. In order from most acid to least acid they are gastric acid, lemon juice, orange juice, tomato juice, black coffee, urine, distilled water, sea water, baking soda, milk of magnesia, ammonia solution, soapy water and bleach. So you see most common substances, like orange juice, we see and use is in fact acid.
In our bodies we have different type of liquids, blood, gastric acid and water that contain pH. Even our skin has pH.
Blood: 7.34 – 7.45
Gastric Acid: 1
Skin: 5.5
Urine: 6.0
Now you see everything has its own pH level.
There are different factors that affect rusting. The acid in substances, the amount of oxygen in the air and pH levels all affects rusting. There are ways to prevent rusting like wax or lemon juice. In this project I am going to learn more about the affects and rates of all these factors contributing to oxidation.
Link to graph: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svg Lesson one was about the process of science.The steps to science are observing, infering, predicting, classifying, making models, evaluating and conducting the scientific investigations. It explained how first you obsevre how the object you are investigating behave or works. Second, inferring how it is was before you obsevred it. Third, how to predict what will happen next in the object's behavior. Fourth, classifying how other objects are similar to the object. Next, making models. The models can be data graphs, or maps. They are important when working with complicated objects. When evaluating you need to compare your observations and to get a conclusion about them. The scientific investigation is the way scientists analyze the natural world. The article also takes you through Dr. Earle's journey through the life of a humpback whale. It explains how she observed, inferred, predicted, classified, made models, evaluated and conducted investigations about the humpback whales behavior. That is my summary for Lesson 1 Chapter 1. I love being with my friends and family doing very random and weird things. I like being random, weird, crazy, and just being myself.I love Harry Potter and all things fantasy like vampires, werewolves and magic and I get mad when someone says it isn't real. I'm quite the Harry Potter nerd. I like going to parties and laughing. I like riding horses, swimming and playing baseball with my cousins.I love animals. I love music, singing, dancing and acting.I like looking up at the stars and moon at night. I'm a generally friendly happy person but at times I want to be alone and have my own space for a while. I tend to space out and go into my own little world. I also tend to black out for a few seconds and I forget the world around but it doesn't happen very often, just when I'm very mad. I Love Love Love candy espically Skittles and Hershey Choclate Bars. My friend Joselyn calls me Ginger 'cuase I LOVE the Weasley twins from Harry Potter. (Long Live Fred Weasley (why did he have to die on all his fans!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) I now prefer to be called Skittles or Hershey though but kk. watever. I love spazzing out and being crazy with my mom when we're alone. My favorite topics in science are animals, plants and space. Least favorite topic has to be machines. My favorite subjects are math, science and Language Arts. My least favorite subject is history. I'm horrible at history.
I would like to know more about plants, rocks and minerals, and space.
Experiment #1
Problem Statement: Which contaniment, muriatic acid, bleach or vinegar, affect the rusting of pennies?
Hypothesis: If I use 10mL of muriatic acid, 10mL bleach and 10mL of vinegar then the penny with 10mL of muriatic acid will rust more.
Independent Variable: Type of contaniment
Dependent Variable: How much it rusts
Controlled Variables:
Conclusion: My hypothesis was not confirmed. The pennies with bleach rusted more. The pennies with muriatic acid rusted the least.
Experiment #2
Problem Statement: Does the amount of acid affect the rusting of a penny?
Hypothesis: If I use 5mL, 10mL and 15mL of vinegar then the penny with 15mL of vinegar will rust more.
Independent Variable: Amount of vinegar
Dependent Variable: How much it rusts
Controlled Variable:
- Type of acid
- Position
- Number of pennies
- Type of metal
- Equal amount of time
Data:Amount trial1 trial 2 trial3
5mL 1% 0% 1%
10mL 1% 1% 0%
15mL 3% 5% 2%
Conclusion: My hypothesis was confirmed.
Experiment #3
Problem Statement: Does the concentration of the acid affetc the rusting of a penny?
Hypothesis: If I use 25%, 50% and 75% concentrated acid then the penny with 75% will rust most.
Independent Variable: Concentration of acid
Dependent Variable: Amount of rust on penny
Controlled Variable:
Data:
Concentration 1 2 3
25% 10% 15% 10%
50% 25% 20% 20%
75% 50% 40% 55%
Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct.
My Report:
Oxidation
What is oxidation? Oxidation is the lack of neutrons. It happens when oxygen particles interact with metal or living tissues. Rust does not occur on all substance. On copper, for example, a green coating called copper oxide appears. Even though the metal looks different the strength does not weaken.
When the oxidation involves oxygen, the amount of oxygen is also important. The process does depend on the amount of oxygen in the air around the metal. The process also includes the condition of the metal. Another factor is the type of metal. These factors are important to the rate of oxidation.
A common question is why fruits and vegetables arrive in a good condition at the store. This is because the skin of the fruit usually has a barrier that protects against oxidation. After a while this barrier, however, breaks and air and oxygen makes contact with the cells. The molecules start burning the fruit. This makes brownish spots or blemishes. These blemishes are a form of rust on living tissues.
Oxidation is problem for many car owners whose cars do not have a finished wax on the paint. The out layer of the car is exposed to air constantly and starts to rust or peel. The paint starts to become duller and duller. For situations like this car dealers recommend at least one layer of wax on the finished paint.
Oxidation by oxygen can be avoided with protective layer on the object. For cars wax can be a solution. On exposed fruit, a spray of anti-oxidant like lemon juice is a good idea. Oxidation that can be destructive cannot occur if the object cannot be penetrated. There are different acids that destroy metal like the acid in batteries or in Coke Cola. Muriatic acid also destroys metals.
Stainless steel is used for many things these days because it does not rust. The steel has another thin layer of metal that does not contain free radicals so the oxygen cannot rust affect it. Regular steel is painted for protection but the oxygen can break through the barrier and form rust.
Platinum is a type of metal that rusts. Even though it does not rust as fast as gold over time it rusts. Real platinum will take while to see results because like the thin layer of stainless steel it has few free radicals. When you see platinum rust quickly then it is not real platinum but fake ordinary metal painted to look like the real thing.
pH levels in chemicals, oxygen and water affect the process of rusting. Rust stops parts, like on your bike, from working smoothly and easy. When iron rust is formed it gives off heat.
Rain may always look the same but some rain is more acid and has a higher or lower pH level than others. This is why you are told to bring your bike out of the rain. To prevent rust and hard to work pieces. Normal rain water has an average pH level of 5.6. Acid rain may have a pH level of an average of 5.0 or lower.
What is pH? pH is the measure of acid in a substance. On the pH scale below 7 is said to be acid and over 7 is neutral or basic.
This graph shows different pH levels. In order from most acid to least acid they are gastric acid, lemon juice, orange juice, tomato juice, black coffee, urine, distilled water, sea water, baking soda, milk of magnesia, ammonia solution, soapy water and bleach. So you see most common substances, like orange juice, we see and use is in fact acid.
In our bodies we have different type of liquids, blood, gastric acid and water that contain pH. Even our skin has pH.
Blood: 7.34 – 7.45
Gastric Acid: 1
Skin: 5.5
Urine: 6.0
Now you see everything has its own pH level.
There are different factors that affect rusting. The acid in substances, the amount of oxygen in the air and pH levels all affects rusting. There are ways to prevent rusting like wax or lemon juice. In this project I am going to learn more about the affects and rates of all these factors contributing to oxidation.
Bibliography:
Link to graph:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PH_Scale.svg
Lesson one was about the process of science.The steps to science are observing, infering, predicting, classifying, making models, evaluating and conducting the scientific investigations. It explained how first you obsevre how the object you are investigating behave or works. Second, inferring how it is was before you obsevred it. Third, how to predict what will happen next in the object's behavior. Fourth, classifying how other objects are similar to the object. Next, making models. The models can be data graphs, or maps. They are important when working with complicated objects. When evaluating you need to compare your observations and to get a conclusion about them. The scientific investigation is the way scientists analyze the natural world. The article also takes you through Dr. Earle's journey through the life of a humpback whale. It explains how she observed, inferred, predicted, classified, made models, evaluated and conducted investigations about the humpback whales behavior. That is my summary for Lesson 1 Chapter 1.
I love being with my friends and family doing very random and weird things. I like being random, weird, crazy, and just being myself.I love Harry Potter and all things fantasy like vampires, werewolves and magic and I get mad when someone says it isn't real. I'm quite the Harry Potter nerd. I like going to parties and laughing. I like riding horses, swimming and playing baseball with my cousins.I love animals. I love music, singing, dancing and acting.I like looking up at the stars and moon at night. I'm a generally friendly happy person but at times I want to be alone and have my own space for a while. I tend to space out and go into my own little world. I also tend to black out for a few seconds and I forget the world around but it doesn't happen very often, just when I'm very mad. I Love Love Love candy espically Skittles and Hershey Choclate Bars. My friend Joselyn calls me Ginger 'cuase I LOVE the Weasley twins from Harry Potter. (Long Live Fred Weasley (why did he have to die on all his fans!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) I now prefer to be called Skittles or Hershey though but kk. watever. I love spazzing out and being crazy with my mom when we're alone.
My favorite topics in science are animals, plants and space. Least favorite topic has to be machines. My favorite subjects are math, science and Language Arts. My least favorite subject is history. I'm horrible at history.
I would like to know more about plants, rocks and minerals, and space.